As a political model, the nation-state merges two principles: the principle of state sovereignty, first enunciated in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which recognizes the right of states to govern their territories without outside interference; and the principle of national sovereignty, which recognizes the right of national communities to govern themselves. National sovereignty, in turn, is based on the moral and philosophical principle of popular sovereignty, according to which states belong to their peoples. The latter principle implies that the legitimate domination of a state requires some kind of popular consent. However, this requirement does not mean that all nation-states are democratic. Indeed, many authoritarian leaders – both vis-à-vis the outside world of states and internally vis-à-vis the people under their rule – presented themselves as ruling on behalf of a sovereign nation. Political boundaries are characterized by an imaginary line separating countries, states, provinces, counties, cities, and towns. Sometimes political boundaries can also separate cultures, languages, ethnicities and cultural resources. Pakistan, despite being an ethnically diverse country and officially a federation, is considered a nation-state because of its ideological foundation on which it gained independence from British India as a separate nation rather than as part of a united India.[55] Pakistan`s different ethnic groups are closely linked by their common Muslim identity, common cultural and social values, a common historical heritage, a national lingua franca (Urdu) and common political, strategic and economic interests. [55] [56] Environmental problems that threaten the survival of humanity and international attention These problems have drawn a contrast to the traditional tendency of nation-states to prioritize their particular national interests. Transitional social movements (networks of activists from different countries working for a common cause) and NGOs that focus on global issues (especially current global warming) have challenged nation-states in two complementary ways: they challenge the authority of individual nation-states and coalitions of nation-states to develop their own policies regarding environmental problems.

and, more generally, they challenge the national authority itself by discrediting the assumption that national interests should be the dominant principle of policy-making in a given country. The free flow of ideas and information on the Internet, especially social media, and the increasingly global distribution of consumer goods have undermined the role of nation-states as producers and multipliers of national ideas, norms and tastes, sometimes referred to as “national culture.” In most countries, many citizens are often exposed to cultural materials that run counter to the fundamental ideals of nationalism at its height: collectivism and sacrifice are challenged by individualism, careerism and hedonism; Heroes and iconic figures emerge not only from national history books, but also from the globalized entertainment industry; National concerns about national security and other priorities must now compete with transnational environmental concerns about the future of the planet and the survival of all humanity (see global warming) on the one hand, and secessionist pressures of identity politics on the other. This article deals mainly with the more specific definition of a nation-state as a typically sovereign country dominated by a particular ethnicity. European borders, defined by the Congress of Vienna, 1815. This map of Europe, which draws the borders in 1815, shows that even in the early 19th century, Europe was mainly divided into empires, kingdoms and confederations. Virtually none of the features on the map would meet the nation-state criteria. Similar to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom is an unusual example of a nation-state because of its claimed status as a “country within a country.” The United Kingdom, formed by the Union of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, is a unitary state originally formed by the merger of two independent kingdoms, the Kingdom of England (which already included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland, but the Treaty of Union (1707), which fixed the agreed terms, ensured that the different characteristics of each State were maintained. including distinct legal systems and distinct regional churches. [57] [58] [59] A unification process to formulate a coherent group of people expressing a common desire for a sovereign state representing their nation. This can take the form of uniting people from across the diaspora with a similar religious background, for example, being Jewish, or uniting those who shared liberal ideals to create a nation-state. However, many nation-states accept certain minorities as part of the nation, and the term national minority is often used in this sense. The Sorbs in Germany are an example of this: for centuries they lived in German-speaking countries, surrounded by a much larger population of German origin, and they have no other historical territory.

Today, they are generally considered part of the German nation and are accepted as such by the Federal Republic of Germany, which constitutionally guarantees their cultural rights. Among the thousands of ethnic and cultural minorities in nation-states around the world, few have this level of acceptance and protection. Globalization also leads to interdependence between nations, which in turn could lead to an imbalance of power between nations of different economic forces. Globalization has a powerful impact; However, the States pursue such a policy that this policy restructures national and private industry.